A Ranar 19 ga watan Agusta na shekarar 1839, Gwamnatin Ƙasar Faransa ta sanar da cewar, Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, ya ɗauki hoto mai kyau da tsari irinsa na farko a Duniya.
Boulevard du Temple, Hoto wadda aka ɗauka na titin Paris da aka yi a cikin 1838-1837, ya na ɗaya daga hotunan farko na ‘daguerreotype’ wanda Louis Daguerre ya samar.
Ko da yake, hoton wani Titi ne da ba kowa, ana kyautata zaton shi ne hoton farko da ya haɗa da hoton ɗan’Adam, ma’ana; hoton bigire da Ɗan’Adam.
An ɗauki hoton da ƙarfe 8:00 na safe tsakanin 24 ga Afrilu da 4 ga Mayu, ko dai a cikin 1837 ko 1838, daga taga a Studio na Daguerre kusa da Diorama de Louis Daguerre, a 5 Rue des Marais, bayan Gidan adana kayan tarihi na ‘Place du Château-d’Eau, a Paris. Wannan ya kasance a lokacin kafin a gina Place de la République, kuma wurin shi ne inda yanzu’ Rue du Faubourg du Temple’ ya shiga Place de la République.
Daguerre, ya fara ba da sanarwar ƙirƙirarsa ga Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Faransa a cikin Janairu 1839. A farkon Maris 1839, wuta ta lalata ɗakin Studio ɗinsa. Daguerre, ya buƙaci ma’aikatan kashe gobara da ko da Studion zai ƙone, amma su ceci gidansa da ke maƙwabtaka da shi, wanda ke ɗauke da ɗakin bincike da nazari, da kuma gwaje-gwajensa.
An ceto na’urar daguerreotype da hotuna, takardu da zanen gida. An bayyana cewa, an gano Kundin littafinsa na rubutu wanda ke ƙunshe da gwaje-gwajensa.
Daguerre ya nuna wannan hoton ga Samuel Morse a ɗakin Studio a watan Maris na 1839. Daga baya Morse ya kwatanta wannan daguerreotype a cikin wata wasiƙa da aka buga a Afrilu 1839 a cikin New York Times.
A cikin Oktoba 1839, a matsayin ƙoƙarin tallata hoton ga jama’a, ya ba wa Sarki Ludwig I na Bavaria (Munich, Jamus) tare da fasalin aikinsa. An bajekolin hoton a taron ƙirƙira wadda ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta Munich ta gabatar.
Hoton ya nuna cewa, karfe 8:00 na safe yayin da wani mutum da ake goge takalminsa ya tsaye.
An adana Hotunan a Fadar Sarki sannan daga baya a gidan Adana kayan tarihi na Bayerisches na Ƙasa, in da suka fara shuɗewa, har a cikin 1936 ko 1937 Ba’amurke Masanin tarihin ɗaukar hoto Beaumont Newhall ya sake gano su kuma ya sake inganta su don nunawa a New York.
A cikin 1949 ya buga su a cikin littafinsa “The History of Photography” wadda ya rubuta a 1839. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an ajiye ainihin Hoton dagurrotypes cikin yanayi mara kyau, har zuwa 1970 an kai su Gidan adana kayan tarihin Munich Stadtmuseum. An yi ƙoƙarin maidowa amma hakan na iya haifar da mugun sakamakon rasa su gaba ɗaya.
Mutane daban-daban sun binciki hoton don ganin ko akwai alamun wani yankin aiki a ciki! Ana iya ganin hotunan wasu mutane da kuma yiwuwar yaro ya na kallo ta taga, da Doki.
Wataƙila akwai hotunan mutane kafin 1838. Hippolyte Bayard ya yi iƙirarin ɗaukar hotuna na kansa a 1837 amma waɗannan ba su tsira ba. A wani hoton farko na Pont Neuf, wanda Daguerre ya yi mai yiwuwa a farkon 1836, ana iya ganin mutum ɗaya ko biyu kwance a ƙasa.
Sai dai kuma, hoton Daguerre na iya kasancewa daga 1837, amma hoton ɗauki-da-kanka (selfie) na Ba’amurke Robert Cornelius an ɗauke shi ne a cikin 1839.
Kamun Maita na ‘Salem’ a Lardin Massachusetts
A Rana mai kamar ta Yau, 19 ga watan Agusta, na shekara ta 1692, a kamun Mayu na ‘Salem’ a Lardin Massachusetts na Ƙasar Amurka, an kashe mutane biyar, Mace guda da Maza huɗu, gami da Limami; bayan an same su da laifin maita.
Shari’ar maita ta Salem, ta na cikin jerin shari’u da aka gurfanar da mutanen da ake zargi da maita a Massachusetts, tsakanin watan Fabrairu (1692 da Mayu 1693).
An zargi mutane fiye da 200. An samu 30 da laifi, 19 daga cikinsu an kashe su ta hanyar rataya (Mata 14 da Maza biyar).
Kisan Kiyashin Hungerford
A shekarar 1987, a Ƙasar Ingila, Michael Ryan ya kashe mutane 16 da bindiga mai sarrafa kanta sa’anan ya kashe kansa.
Kisan kiyashin Hungerford, wadda ya kasance harbe-harbe a Wiltshire da Berkshire, a lokacin da Michael Ryan mai shekaru 27 ya kashe mutane 16, ciki har da wani Ɗansanda da mahaifiyarsa, kafin ya kashe kansa.
Wani rahoto kan kisan kiyashin, wanda Sakataren cikin gida Douglas Hurd ya bayar, ya gano cewa, rashin ma’aikata da matsalolin sadarwa ne ya kawo cikas ga martanin ƴan sanda kan lamarin.
An yi kisan ne ta hanyar amfani da bindigu masu sarrafa kansu da na ƙare-dangi, kuma rahoton ya bayyana cewa, ya kamata dokar mallakar bindigogi ta kasance mai tsauri. Sakamakon haka, an zartar da dokar ta Makamai (wadda aka gyara) ta 1988 bayan kisan kiyashin, tare da haramta mallakar bindigogi masu sarrafa kansu da na ƙare-dangi, tare da taƙaita amfani da bindigogi masu iya ɗaukar fiye da Harsasai uku.
An kwatanta harbe-harben da wanda aka yi a Dunblane a cikin 1996, da Cumbria a cikin 2010, kuma kisan gillar da aka yi a Hungerford ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin muggan abubuwan da suka faru na makami a tarihin Biritaniya.
Kawo yanzu dai, ba a tabbatar da takamaiman dalilin kisan ba.
Gobarar Cinema Rex a Iran
Gobarar Cinema Rex ya faru ne a ranar 19 ga Agusta 1978 lokacin da aka ƙona Cinema Rex a Abadan, Iran, in da ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane fiye da 400.
Lamarin dai ya fara ne a lokacin da wasu mutane huɗu suka shiga tare da watsa man Jirgin Sama, sannan suka cinnawa ginin wuta.
Daga nan ne maharan suka gudu suka kulle ƙofofin daga waje. Kimanin mutane 100 ne suka tsere ba tare da jikkata ba, sannan wasu 223 kuma suka samu raunuka marasa adadi; sauran aƙalla 400 sun mutu a gobarar.
Gobarar ta biyo bayan tashin Bam ne cikin sa’o’i kaɗan a garin Shiraz. An ƙona wani Gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Mashhad, wanda ya kashe mutane uku, kwanaki biyu da suka gabata.
Harin dai, ana kallonsa a matsayin ƙashin-bayar haifar da juyin juya halin Iran a shekarar 1979, wadda ya yi sanadiyar kifar da Daular da ke ƙarƙashin Masarautar Iran da kuma ɓarkewar tashin hankali a ƙasar.
Masarautar da farko ta ɗora alhakin tashin gobarar a kan “Islamic Marxists” daga baya kuma ta bayar da rahoton cewar, mayaƙan “Islamic Militans” ne suka tayar da gobarar, yayin da masu zanga-zangar adawa da shugaba Pahlavi Shah suka ƙaryata lamarin suka kuma zargi “SAVAK,” (ƴan sandan sirri na Iran) da kunna wutar.
Sai dai kuma, ƴan adawa masu ƙoƙarin kafa Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran, sun ci gajiyar wannan bala’in ta fuskar farfaganda. Iraniyawa da yawa sun yarda da bayanan jagororin, wanda ya haifar da haɓaka ƙin jinin Shah.
Ƙonewar Jirgin Saman Saudiyya
Rana kamar ta yau ne a shekarar 1980, Saudi Flight 163, Lockheed L-1011 TriStar ya ƙone bayan yin saukar gaggawa a Filin Jirgin Saman King Khalid, da ke Riyadh, Saudi Arabiya, in da ya kashe mutane 301.
Jirgin saman mai lamba 163 ya kasance jirgin fasinja na Saudiya da aka tsara ya taso daga Filin jirgin saman Quaid-e-Azam a Karachi, Pakistan, wanda ya doshi Filin jirgin saman Kandara a Jeddah, Saudi Arabiya, ta filin jirgin saman Riyadh na Riyadh, Saudi Arabiya, wanda ya kama wuta bayan tashinsa daga filin jirgin sama na Riyadh International Airport (yanzu Riyadh Air Base).
Ma’aikatan jirgin sun gaza yin gaggawar kwashe saukar jirgin, lamarin da ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar dukkan fasinjoji 287 da ma’aikatan jirgin 14 da ke cikin jirgin sakamakon fitar hayaƙi.
Haɗarin shi ne mafi munin bala’in jirgin sama da ya shafi Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, kuma mafi muni da ya faru a Saudi Arabiya (a lokacin).
Wannan shi ne hatsarin jirgin sama na biyu mafi muni a tarihin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da ya shafi jirgin sama guda ɗaya bayan Jirgin saman Turkish Airlines mai lamba 981, kuma shi ne karo na huɗu bayan Jirgin Air India Flight 182, Jirgin Turkish Airlines 981 da Jirgin Japan na 123.
